Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), formerly known as attention-deficit disorder (ADD), is a common neurodevelopmental condition. Those who have ADHD show persistent signs of either inattentiveness, hyperactivity or both. The condition can significantly impact how children perform in school, social interactions and daily functioning.

It’s estimated seven million people in the U.S., ages 3-17, have been diagnosed with ADHD. That’s about 9.8% of the population. The average age of diagnosis is seven years old with boys more commonly diagnosed than girls.

While ADHD symptoms don’t necessarily worsen as you age, it’s possible to have periods when the severity of symptoms fluctuate.

It’s possible to have traits of ADHD without having the disorder. Individual symptoms of the three subtypes can be linked to many conditions, including more common behavioral health disorders, such as anxiety and depression. Hyperactive and combined ADHD is uncommon adults, while combined ADHD is most common in children.

What is ADHD Stimming (Self-Stimulatory Behavior)?

ADHD stimming refers to behaviors someone does to calm or soothe themselves. This can include repetitive sounds or movements, like foot tapping, bouncing a leg, clicking a pen, chewing on an object (like a pen) or rocking. It can help release pent up energy, feeling overstimulated and support better focus.

Is ADHD a Disability?

ADHD is not a learning disability, but it does qualify as a disability under the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, Section 504 and the Americans with Disabilities Act. It’s important to review and fully understand the criteria and considerations of each.

ADHD Risk Factors and Causes

Potential risk factors for ADHD include:

• Alcohol use during pregnancy
• Autism — although ADHD is not on the autism spectrum, it is considered neurodivergent
• Seizure disorders

The cause of ADHD in the brain is unknown, but genetics are a risk factor for ADHD, meaning it can be hereditary or passed down from a parent or relative. Since learning and attention difficulties may run in families, it’s important to know about family history to help your provider with their diagnosis. However, having a relative with a learning or attention disorder does not mean you or your child will have one, too.

There’s nothing you can do to prevent ADHD, but there are ways to manage it.

ADHD Testing and Diagnosis

Many primary care providers or pediatricians can help screen, diagnosis and treat ADHD. Patients can also ask their doctor for a referral to a mental health professional. For children, it’s beneficial for healthcare providers to have a full picture of the child’s behavior before making a diagnosis. Ask your child’s teachers or other adults who care for them what they’ve observed.

While there’s no one standard ADHD evaluation, a detailed assessment is conducted before a diagnosis is made.

Treatment for ADHD

ADHD can’t be cured and doesn’t go away on its own. Medication and/or behavioral therapy are the most effective treatments. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends behavioral therapy, along with medication, for children ages six and up.

Behavioral Therapy for ADHD

The goal of behavioral therapy for ADHD is to replace behaviors that negatively impact a child — such as impulsivity or trouble focusing — with skills to support their learning and social interactions.
Parents should also contact their child’s school to discuss modifications that better support their child’s learning.

Medication for ADHD

For medication, stimulants or non-stimulants are typically prescribed. While non-stimulants need to be taken every day, stimulants do not. For instance, some people choose to take a break from taking stimulants on the weekend.

ADHD medication works by increasing the amount of certain chemicals in the brain, known as neurotransmitters. While medications aren’t intended to cure ADHD, they help people have an easier time paying attention, controlling impulses, staying calm and focused throughout the day.

ADHD medications affect people differently. You, or your child, may need to try several to find the right fit with the least amount of side effects.

When to See a Doctor for ADHD

If ADHD symptoms have persisted longer than six months, are present in multiple settings (such as at home, school or work) and impact social, professional or personal interactions, it’s a good idea to contact your primary care provider or pediatrician for support.